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Guide to Writing a Handwritten Will

1. Introduction and Statement#

This "Guide to Writing a Handwritten Will" is written in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China and relevant judicial interpretations. Handwritten wills have many advantages, such as autonomy, privacy, convenience, and the ability to express one's wishes authentically. Moreover, it is the only major form of will specified in the Civil Code that does not require the presence of other witnesses. Testators can write their wills anytime and anywhere without worrying about witnesses knowing or leaking the contents of the will, allowing them to express their various wishes more authentically. However, the authenticity of handwritten wills is often questioned, leading to numerous disputes among heirs, family discord, and even lawsuits against each other.

To address the significant issue of proving the authenticity of handwritten wills, a long-term research initiative by United Trust has innovatively launched the "Will Guardian" product (website: https://will.tsa.cn). This product can objectively prove the authenticity of the will writing process, the time of writing, and the content of the will, achieving the function of objectively witnessing the entire process of writing a handwritten will. By using the "Will Guardian," testators can fill in the relevant content according to the template's guidance, generate a draft will, and after confirming that the will's content is correct, further complete the will according to the guidance of the "Will Guardian." Testators can also consult professional lawyers or other legal professionals to review and improve the draft will before finalizing it. To make the process of writing a handwritten will more standardized and effectively reduce disputes during the execution of the will due to issues such as the authenticity of the signature, whether the content has been tampered with, and the certainty of the time of writing, United Trust has compiled this "Guide" addressing common issues in the process of writing a handwritten will, for reference by testators and other relevant parties.

【Special Statement】 United Trust only provides advice on the process of writing a handwritten will and does not constitute any commitment or guarantee. It does not assume any legal responsibility for the writing, validity, execution, etc., of the handwritten will, and the decision to reference or adopt it is solely up to the testator.

2. Writing Requirements for Handwritten Wills#

According to Article 1134 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, a handwritten will must be written in the testator's own handwriting, signed, and dated. Therefore, when writing a handwritten will, testators should pay attention to the following matters:

1. The entire handwritten will must be written by the testator personally. The testator must use a pen to write the will's content (including the main text and signature) completely on paper; it cannot be written by others or partially written by others. When writing, it is advisable to use pens that are easy to preserve for a long time and not easily altered, such as fountain pens, ballpoint pens, or brushes, and to avoid using pens like ballpoint pens, pencils, or crayons that do not preserve the writing well or are easy to alter.
2. Signature at the end. The testator's name should match the name on their ID card, passport, or other legal documents. They should not sign using a stage name, pen name, nickname, or former name. The signature can be in block letters or cursive, but it should be consistent with the signature writing habits on other legal documents to facilitate handwriting verification in case of disputes.
3. Date at the end. The signing date must include "year, month, day" as three units of measurement; do not only write the year and month or the month and day. The date can be expressed using Arabic numerals or Chinese characters, but it should use the Gregorian calendar rather than the lunar calendar, with the year expressed in four digits and the month and day in two digits, for example: August 15, 2024.
4. Accurately write the names of the heirs in the handwritten will. The names of the heirs in the handwritten will should match the names on their ID cards, passports, or other legal documents. Do not use stage names, pen names, nicknames, former names, or family rankings.
5. Writing requirements for the handwritten will. The writing of the entire will should be as standardized and neat as possible, without alterations. If a mistake is found during writing, it cannot be altered; the page must be torn out and rewritten.
6. A handwritten will does not require witnesses and does not need to be recognized by heirs or other close relatives; therefore, the entire will only needs to be written and signed by the testator.
7. It is recommended that the testator sign and date at the bottom of each page of the will and indicate the page number, ensuring consistency with the signature habits and signing dates at the end of the entire will.

3. Video Recording Requirements for the Handwritten Will Process#

1. To prove the authenticity of the will writing process and avoid disputes among heirs, it is strongly recommended that testators use the "Will Guardian" (website: https://will.tsa.cn) to complete the writing of the handwritten will. It is not advisable to use a camera or mobile phone to record directly, as videos produced in these ways can be easily edited or tampered with, and their originality and authenticity can be easily questioned.
2. When writing the will, the testator should enter the "Will Guardian" mini-program's "Writing" function and continuously record the process of writing, signing, and reading the will. During the recording, avoid actions that may interrupt the recording, such as answering phone calls, switching applications, closing the "Will Guardian" mini-program, or locking the phone. If any situation causes the recording to be interrupted, it needs to be re-recorded. It is advisable to prepare the draft will before formally writing it and to copy it during the writing process. The recording of the will writing process mainly includes:
   (1) Holding the phone to capture the surrounding environment while writing the will, circling around the room to ensure that no heirs or close relatives of the heirs are present. If others are present, the identity of those present and their relationship with the testator should be explained, and their appearance characteristics should be clearly displayed in the footage.
   (2) Fixing the phone for recording, adjusting the angle to clearly capture the entire process of writing the will and the signing process. After writing is completed, the testator should hold the will in the frame to clearly display all the content and the signature. If there are modifications during writing, the modified page can be torn out and rewritten without needing to re-record; it is advisable to prepare the draft will before formally writing it and to copy it during the writing process.
   (3) The testator should face the camera and read the content of the will, ensuring a loud voice and clear enunciation while minimizing surrounding noise. The testator should remain in the frame throughout the recording. The suggested reading content is as follows:
   "Today is [year] [month] [day]. I, [name], currently reside at [address] (actual location of writing the will). Today, I am of sound mind and free will. I am writing a handwritten will (display the handwritten will), and I will read the content... The above content reflects my true thoughts. I understand and am willing to abide by the legal consequences of writing this will, and I record this video as evidence."
   (4) After filming the will writing process, use the photo function of the "Will Guardian" mini-program to take pictures of the written will, ensuring that each page of the will is clearly photographed.
3. After completing the will using the "Will Guardian," check the details in the "Will Management" section of the "Will Guardian" mini-program and perform the following operations:
   (1) Click to mail the physical will certificate, fill in the mailing address, recipient, and contact number. The "Will Guardian" will mail you a physical "Will Certificate."
   (2) Download the will materials and download the certificate. You will receive encrypted electronic evidence of the will writing process and the corresponding "Trusted Timestamp Certification."
   Please save all the above electronic evidence materials and the corresponding decompression password to a USB drive or burn them to a CD, and keep them properly along with the physical will and the physical "Will Certificate" issued by the "Will Guardian."
   (3) Note: The electronic evidence downloaded from the "Will Guardian" must not be modified in any form; otherwise, its authenticity and integrity cannot be verified.
4. Using the "Will Guardian" to record and photograph the will writing process is to prove the authenticity of the will writing process, the time of writing, and the content of the will. The "Will Guardian" will immediately certify this electronic data with a trusted timestamp, generating legally effective electronic evidence that can be directly used to resolve important issues such as tampering with the content of the will, inability to verify handwriting, defects in signatures, coercion at the signing site, and uncertainty of the writing time.

4. Modifications to the Handwritten Will#

After writing a handwritten will, if there are changes in subjective or objective circumstances, the testator may write a new will. The new will can revise certain clauses based on the existing handwritten will or can completely replace the existing will. If only certain clauses of the existing will are to be revised, the testator can write a separate document titled "Amendment to the Will dated [date]" stating the changes to a specific clause of the existing will. The original of the amendment should be kept together with the original of the existing will. If a new will is to be written, it is recommended that the testator destroy the existing will to reduce the possibility of disputes.

Regardless of the method used, the writing requirements and storage rules for the new will must be executed according to the writing requirements, video recording requirements, and storage requirements outlined in this "Guide." According to Article 1142 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, a testator may revoke or change their will. If the testator engages in civil legal acts that contradict the content of the will after establishing the will, it will be regarded as a revocation of the relevant content of the will. In cases where there are multiple wills with conflicting contents, only the last will established will have legal binding force. The Civil Code has abolished the priority of notarized wills; even if a previous will was notarized, if the testator establishes another form of will (such as a handwritten will, a written will, a printed will, or a recorded will) after the implementation of the Civil Code, and these subsequent wills conflict with the content of the previous notarized will, the content of the last established will shall prevail.

5. Storage Requirements for the Original Handwritten Will and Electronic Data Files#

After completing the writing of the handwritten will, it is essential to keep the original properly to prevent it from being damaged. It is recommended that the testator place the written paper original of the will, the CD or USB drive containing the electronic evidence materials generated by the "Will Guardian," and the issued "Will Certificate" into a file bag and store it in a place where it can be found when sorting out belongings after death, or entrust it to a trusted heir or other close relatives or friends for safekeeping, to prevent the established will from not being executed due to lack of awareness; the testator may also choose to have a lawyer manage and execute the will. By using the "Will Guardian" to establish the will, United Trust will securely store the video recordings, photos, and other electronic data files generated during the entire will writing process. This electronic data file serves as proof of the authenticity of the will writing process and is not the original will. Only the testator or a designated extractor (the designated extractor must hold the testator's death certificate and other materials) can extract this electronic data file.

6. Effectiveness of the Handwritten Will#

1. The handwritten will must meet the substantive requirements for handwritten wills as stipulated in the Civil Code and relevant judicial interpretations. (See "7. Appendix" for details.)
2. The will takes effect upon the death of the testator; therefore, it does not have any legal effect while the testator is alive. The testator may revoke or change the content of the will at any time. In cases where there are multiple wills with conflicting contents, the last will shall prevail.
3. After the future death of the testator, the heirs shall hold the will and the death certificate of the deceased to handle inheritance matters. Heirs may choose one of the following two methods:
   Method 1: Notarized inheritance. Heirs shall take the will, the death certificate of the deceased, proof of kinship, and relevant property certificates to any notary office in China to handle the inheritance notarization. During the notarization process, the notary office will verify the authenticity of the will and the intentions of other heirs and issue a notarized document. Heirs shall take the inheritance document to the relevant department to complete the property transfer.
   Method 2: Litigation inheritance. Heirs, as plaintiffs, may sue other legal heirs of the deceased as defendants in the court of the deceased's residence or the court of the main estate location, requesting inheritance according to this will. The people's court will issue a judgment document (civil judgment or mediation document) after hearing the case, and heirs shall take the effective judgment document to the relevant department to complete the inheritance matters.

7. Appendix#

1. Provisions related to handwritten wills in the Civil Code:
   Article 1133: Natural persons may make wills to dispose of personal property according to the provisions of this law and may designate executors. Natural persons may make wills to designate personal property to be inherited by one or more statutory heirs. Natural persons may make wills to donate personal property to the state, collective, or organizations or individuals other than statutory heirs.
   Article 1134: A handwritten will must be written in the testator's own handwriting, signed, and dated.
   Article 1142: A testator may revoke or change their will. If the testator engages in civil legal acts that contradict the content of the will after establishing the will, it will be regarded as a revocation of the relevant content of the will. In cases where there are multiple wills with conflicting contents, only the last will shall prevail.
   Article 1141: A will must reserve a necessary share of the estate for heirs who lack the ability to work and have no source of livelihood.
   Article 1143: Wills made by persons without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity are invalid. A will must express the true intention of the testator; wills made under fraud or coercion are invalid. Forged wills are invalid. If a will has been tampered with, the tampered content is invalid.
2. Provisions related to handwritten wills in the "Interpretation (1) of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of the Inheritance Chapter of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" (Legal Interpretation [2024] No. 23):
   Article 3: If the deceased had a bequest support agreement with others and also made a will, after the inheritance begins, if the bequest support agreement does not conflict with the will, the estate shall be handled according to the agreement and the will; if there is a conflict, it shall be handled according to the agreement, and the conflicting parts of the will shall be invalid in whole or in part.
   Article 25: If the testator does not reserve the estate share for heirs who lack the ability to work and have no source of livelihood, necessary estate must be left for that heir during estate handling, and only the remaining part may be handled according to the distribution principles specified in the will. Whether an heir lacks the ability to work and has no source of livelihood should be determined according to the specific situation of that heir at the time the will takes effect.
   Article 26: If the testator disposes of state, collective, or others' property in the will, that part of the will shall be deemed invalid.
   Article 27: If the content of the will regarding the disposal of personal property after death is indeed the true intention of the deceased, is signed by the deceased, and is dated without contrary evidence, it may be treated as a handwritten will.
   Article 28: The testator must have full civil capacity when making a will. Wills made by persons without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity are invalid, even if they later attain full civil capacity. If a testator has full civil capacity when making a will but later becomes a person without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity, it does not affect the validity of the will.

Detailed Notes on Legal Will Forms:

1. Handwritten Will [Simple, no witnesses required]
   Must be entirely handwritten, signed with the name on the ID card, fingerprint is not acceptable, must include the date (accurate to the day), preferably without alterations; it is best to sign at the bottom of each page (to avoid suspicion), and it can be recorded while writing for more proof.

2. Written Will [Spoken by the testator but written by another]
   Requires the testator's personal signature confirmation, must have two or more witnesses present, and ultimately requires signatures and dates from the testator, the writer, and other witnesses, confirming that there were no leading questions during the writing process.

3. Printed Will [Printed and signed]
   If the testator types and prints it, it is a handwritten will; if someone else helps print it, it is a written will, and there should be two or more witnesses present to witness it. The testator and witnesses must sign each page of the will and indicate the date on each page (handwritten wills do not require signatures on every page because they can be verified through the testator's handwriting).

4. Audio-Video Will
   In addition to the testator, there should also be two or more witnesses present and appearing in the audio-video recording, recording their names or images and the date. Witnesses must show their faces, and the video will should ensure continuity.

5. Oral Will
   In crisis situations, an oral will can be made, and there should be two or more witnesses present. If the person making the will can make a written or audio-video will after the crisis, the oral will is invalid.

6. Notarized Will [Highest validity]
   Witnessed by more professional independent notary personnel, printed, and processed strictly according to regulations, has the highest validity but is cumbersome to process. (*Currently, only the last will is valid.)

【WeChat mini-program wills have no legal effect, and timed email wills also have no legal effect.】

【Property wills and letters are different.】

【Witness qualification restrictions—those who cannot serve as witnesses include: ① persons without civil capacity, persons with limited civil capacity, and others who do not have the capacity to witness (such as children); ② heirs, legatees; ③ those with interests related to heirs or legatees (etc.).】

A standard will should look like this.

In this article, I will use a will template that I commonly use as a basis to comprehensively introduce the basic elements that a will should possess, writing norms, and key points to pay attention to during the writing process.

1.

Let's start with handwritten wills. As the name suggests, a handwritten will is one that the testator writes by hand.

According to legal provisions, the basic elements that a handwritten will should possess include the following:

Testator's identity information

Estate information

Heirs' identity information

Date (year, month, day)

Handwritten signature

In other words, as long as these contents are present, the will is basically valid.

Let's first look at the simplest will:

The title clearly states "Will," the testator's name is included, and the ID number is provided. The intention to dispose of the estate is present, and the designated heirs are also mentioned. It is important to note that although specific estate information is not provided here, since it is already stated as "all estate," any property that can be proven to belong to the testator is considered within the scope of this will's disposal. Finally, the date and the testator's signature are included.

Although this will appears very simple, it meets all the basic elements and is a valid handwritten will.

Of course, unless in special circumstances, I personally still recommend being as detailed as possible. This can avoid some proof issues in the subsequent inheritance process.

2.

The elements I personally suggest for a will should ideally include the following:

Testator's name, ID number

Information about the testator's statutory heirs

Specific estate information

Consequences of any changes to the estate in the future

Heirs' names, ID numbers, and their relationship with the testator

A statement indicating that the testator is in good mental condition and has full civil capacity

A statement indicating that the will is made voluntarily without coercion or deception

Date indicated on each page, signature, and fingerprint

A sample of handwriting verification attached**

Next, I will explain using a will template that I frequently use:

The header includes the title and the testator's name.

The first clause includes the testator's identity information, as well as the identity information of each statutory heir, their relationships, and information about deceased elders. If some elders passed away early and do not have death certificates, mentioning this here can facilitate evidence collection for subsequent inheritance notarization.

The second clause details the specific estate information. I listed common types, and you can add or subtract according to your needs.

First, there is certainly real estate; generally, writing the address and property certificate number is sufficient. For private properties without property certificates, include the land certificate information. Furniture and equipment can be included or excluded. The last sentence is recommended. In practice, if the will only states that a certain property is inherited by a specific person but the property is demolished before death without updating the will, it is considered a change in the estate, and the original will will not take effect. Therefore, it is essential to specify this clause.

Next is vehicles; in addition to the vehicle itself, the Shanghai license plate also has some value, so it is better to clarify the rights to transfer the license plate quota.

Bank deposits, securities, and company shares can be added or subtracted as needed, with no significant points to note. The specific inheritance process for the estate has been explained in detail in the inheritance process section; those who have not seen it can click on my profile to follow and find it in previous articles or videos.

Additionally, if you only want to designate one heir or legatee for the estate, you can list all properties and then write at the end that all the above properties are inherited by a specific person. There is no need to repeat this in each item.

The third clause states that the testator has the capacity to make a will and is in good mental condition.

The fourth clause states that the will made is the true intention of the testator and has not been influenced by external forces.

The fifth clause states that all the above properties belong to the testator, and they have the right to dispose of them. This clause can be omitted.

The sixth clause can also be omitted.

The seventh clause states the number of copies of the will and who will keep them. In practice, generally, one copy will be held by the heir, and another can be kept by the witness or a third party.

The eighth clause can include other valid documents with the testator's signature. This is generally used in cases where there are conflicts among heirs after death and litigation is involved, as it can be used for handwriting verification. If there are none, it is not a big issue.

Finally, the signing date should indicate the year, month, and day, and the time of writing the will can serve as a reference for the will's validity, for example, corresponding to the current property ownership and the testator's mental condition. It can also help determine which will is valid in cases of multiple wills.

Signature and fingerprint. Some elderly people may not be able to write or may find it inconvenient to write due to age or changes in handwriting. In such cases, fingerprints become very important as they help determine the true intention of the testator.

This is how a more complete will should look.

This template contains a lot of content and is better suited for printed wills.

If it is a printed will, the last part of the will also needs to include the witness information.

You can first write a statement, and when the witnesses sign, they also agree to the statement. It is best for both witnesses to sign and also leave fingerprints while filling in their ID numbers, signing dates, and their relationship with the testator.

Additionally, one more point to note is regarding the issue of whether inheritance of the will constitutes community property between spouses.

The marriage law stipulates that inherited property is community property between spouses, except for cases where the will specifies that it belongs only to one party. What if the will only states who inherits but does not clearly exclude the other party? Different courts have different views on this. Currently, it tends to favor personal property. However, to eliminate the risk in such cases, it is recommended that those who have this need add a clause in the will stating, "When the heir inherits the testator's estate, the inherited estate is their personal property and has nothing to do with their spouse." This way, it is foolproof.

3.

Finally, let me briefly discuss the process of establishing a printed will.

Invite two witnesses without conflicts of interest; first, the testator should orally state the content of the will, and one of the witnesses should record it and print it out, preferably doing it on-site. Then, the printed will content should be shown to the testator or read to them, confirming each part. Once everything is confirmed, both witnesses and the testator need to sign, fingerprint, and indicate the date on each page of the printed paper. Remember, each page must be signed.

Additionally, if conditions allow, it is advisable to record the process simultaneously. Heirs should preferably avoid being present to avoid any suspicion of coercion or deception. Although the law does not stipulate this, it can help avoid such allegations. Regarding the standards for witnesses without conflicts of interest, I have detailed explanations in the articles and videos on wills; those who are not familiar can refer back to them, and I will not elaborate further here.

Will (Sample Template) Introduction: This compilation categorizes 11 versions of wills for your reference.

Introduction: This compilation categorizes 11 versions of wills for your reference.

1. Handwritten Will: One child inherits, and it is considered personal property of the child.

2. Handwritten Will: Multiple children inherit, and it is considered community property of the children.

3. Handwritten Will: Multiple estates, multiple beneficiaries.

4. Written Will: Bequeathed to grandchildren, with reserved living rights for a third party.

5. Written Will: Establishing the order of inheritance.

6. Written Will: Establishing an executor for the will.

7. Written Will: Establishing an estate manager.

8. Printed Will: Partial estate donation, with fallback clauses, and includes funeral arrangements.

9. Printed Will: Initially a bequest, may later become an inheritance.

10. Notarized Will: Establishing an estate manager, deposit, and guardianship for disabled children, providing legal protection.

11. Handwritten Will: Body or organ donation, special burial methods.

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images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images